What is a crankshaft position sensor

What is a crankshaft position sensor
Post Date:2024-10-15,

What is a crankshaft position sensor ?


The crankshaft position sensor is one of the most important sensors in the engine electronic control system. It provides ignition timing (ignition advance angle) and signals to confirm the crankshaft position. It is used to detect the piston top dead center, crankshaft angle and engine speed. The structure of the crankshaft position sensor varies with different models, and can be divided into three categories: magnetic pulse type, photoelectric type and Hall type. It is usually installed at the front end of the crankshaft, the front end of the camshaft, on the flywheel or in the distributor.


What is a crankshaft position sensor ?


Classification of crankshaft position sensor ?


There are three main types of crankshaft position sensors: magnetoelectric induction type, Hall effect type and photoelectric type. ‌‌


Magnetoelectric induction type: This type of sensor consists of a permanent magnetic induction detection coil and a rotor (timing rotor and speed rotor), and the rotor rotates with the distributor shaft. The timing rotor has one, two or four teeth, and the speed rotor has 24 teeth. The permanent magnetic induction detection coil is fixed on the distributor body. The crankshaft position of each cylinder can be determined by the known speed sensor signal and crankshaft position sensor signal, as well as the working order of each cylinder.

‌Hall Effect‌: This sensor works on the principle of Hall Effect and is usually used to detect changes in magnetic fields to measure the position and speed of the crankshaft. They are widely used in various automobiles and mechanical equipment and are favored for their high accuracy and reliability.

‌Photoelectric‌: This sensor uses the photoelectric effect to detect the position and speed of the crankshaft, usually composed of a light-emitting diode and a photosensitive element. When the crankshaft rotates, the light emitted by the light-emitting diode is blocked or passed by the mark on the crankshaft, thereby generating an electrical signal, which is used to determine the position and speed of the crankshaft.

Working principle of crankshaft position sensor


The working principle of the crankshaft position sensor is to determine the working state of the engine by detecting the angle of rotation of the crankshaft and the engine speed. It is usually used in conjunction with the camshaft position sensor to calculate the basic ignition timing through their signals. The main function of the crankshaft position sensor is to determine the position of the crankshaft, which includes the angle of rotation of the crankshaft and the speed of the engine. It achieves this function through different structures, including ‌magnetoelectric induction type, ‌Hall effect type and photoelectric type. ‌


‌Magneto-electric induction‌: This type of sensor is usually installed at the front end (pulley) or rear end of the vehicle crankshaft near the large flywheel, or in the middle of the crankshaft. It works on the principle of magnetic pulses, and the signal disk on the crankshaft (a thin round tooth disk with fine teeth) rotates with the crankshaft. When the teeth and flanges of the signal disk pass through the sensor, it causes the magnetic field passing through the induction coil to change, thereby generating an alternating electromotive force in the induction coil. This electromotive force is filtered and shaped into a pulse signal and transmitted to the engine control unit (‌ECU).


‌Hall effect‌: This sensor works on the Hall effect principle and is usually installed at the front end of the crankshaft, the front end of the camshaft, on the flywheel or in the distributor. It contains a Hall element and a magnetic rotor. When the rotor rotates with the crankshaft, the change in the magnetic field causes the Hall element to produce a voltage change. This voltage change is processed and converted into a digital signal and transmitted to the ECU.



‌Photoelectric‌: This sensor uses the principle of photoelectric effect and usually consists of a light source, a photosensitive element and a rotating grating. When the grating rotates with the crankshaft, the light emitted by the light source shines on the photosensitive element through the gap of the grating. The photosensitive element converts the light signal into an electrical signal, which is then processed and transmitted to the ECU.


The role of the crankshaft position sensor ?

Determine the position of the crankshaft: The crankshaft position sensor can accurately sense the rotation angle of the crankshaft, thereby determining the specific position of the piston in the cylinder. This is crucial for the control of ignition timing and fuel injection.


Measure engine speed: By monitoring the rotation speed of the crankshaft in real time, the crankshaft position sensor can accurately calculate the engine speed and provide necessary reference data for other control systems of the vehicle.



ignition control: The crankshaft position sensor works with the camshaft position sensor to determine the basic ignition timing and ensure that the engine ignites at the right time.



‌Fuel injection control: Detecting engine speed, determining the amount of fuel injection and the ignition advance angle, helps optimize fuel economy and avoid the phenomenon of reduced fuel injection.



‌Monitoring engine conditions‌: The crankshaft position sensor can quickly capture abnormal signals in engine operation, such as misfire or lack of fire, and send warning information to the engine control unit in time, which helps to find and solve problems in time.



‌Improve emission efficiency‌: By accurately controlling the crankshaft position, the crankshaft position sensor helps optimize the combustion process of fuel, thereby reducing the emission of harmful substances and improving the environmental performance of the vehicle.



‌Other control functions‌: In addition to controlling injection and ignition, the crankshaft position sensor is also used for idle speed control, fuel evaporation control and other aspects to support the overall performance of the vehicle.


Where is the crankshaft position sensor located?


The crankshaft position sensor is usually installed at the front end of the vehicle crankshaft (at the pulley), at the rear end of the crankshaft near the large flywheel, or in the middle of the crankshaft. It can also be installed in the distributor or on the flywheel, and the specific location may vary depending on the model and design.

Where is the crankshaft position sensor located?


‌Front end of the crankshaft (at the pulley): This is one of the most common installation locations. The sensor is installed at the front end of the crankshaft and works through the pulley drive.


‌Crankshaft rear end near the large flywheel‌: In some models, the sensor is installed at the rear end of the crankshaft near the large flywheel.



‌Crankshaft middle‌: Some models install the sensor in the middle of the crankshaft.



‌In the distributor‌: Some early models may install the sensor in the distributor.



‌Camshaft front end‌: Used in conjunction with the camshaft position sensor to provide more precise ignition and injection control.


FAQ Abaout Crankshaft Position Sensor?


The engine cannot accurately perform sequential injection and ignition timing control? ‌Hall effect crankshaft position sensor failure‌


‌Failure phenomenon‌: The signal transmission is not within the normal range, resulting in the engine being unable to accurately perform sequential injection and ignition timing control.


‌Cause of damage‌: The signal detected by the Hall effect crankshaft position sensor does not match the normal range.



‌Solution‌: A professional repair point is required for inspection and adjustment.



Is the engine difficult to start and the ignition time is too late? ‌Magnetic induction crankshaft position sensor failure‌

‌Failure phenomenon‌: The engine is difficult to start and the ignition time is too late.


‌Cause of damage‌: There is a problem with the magnetic induction crankshaft position sensor.



‌Solution‌: Replan the driving route or contact the maintenance station, check the ignition system, and ensure that its function is restored‌.



Poor acceleration, automatic flameout?‌ Photoelectric crankshaft position sensor failure‌

‌Failure phenomenon‌: Poor acceleration, automatic flameout, high-voltage spark.


‌Cause of damage‌: Photoelectric crankshaft position sensor failure is usually related to abnormal operation of the ignition system.



‌Solution‌: Check the ignition system, repair the poor, and solve the problem of weak high-voltage spark‌.



‌Improper installation or type difference‌?

‌Failure phenomenon‌: Improper installation or type difference of crankshaft position sensor may cause failure.


‌Cause of damage‌: The installation of the crankshaft position sensor needs to be accurate and in place, and the causes of failure of different types of sensors are different.



‌Solution‌: Professional maintenance is necessary‌.



Insufficient vehicle power performance? Intermittent failure of the crankshaft position sensor‌


‌Failure phenomenon‌: Insufficient vehicle power performance, especially on uphill sections, and slow response when refueling.



‌Cause of damage‌: Intermittent failure of the crankshaft position sensor may cause the vehicle to fail to start, abnormal engine vibration or knocking sound.



‌Solution‌: Replan the driving route or contact the maintenance station, check the ignition system, and ensure its function is restored‌4.



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